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Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus

(A.Nelson) T.Koyama (1980)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Poales Family: Cyperaceae Genus: Bolboschoenus

kaluhā, makai

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Robust perennials, with horizontal, long–creeping rhizomes, also bearing tubers.

Stems: Rhizomes repent, clothed with brown scales, forming ligneous tubers at culm bases and nodes, culms erect, with several nodes, leafy, trigonous, smooth, 30–150 cm tall.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades linear, 3–8 mm wide. Apex acuminate. Surfaces scabrous on distal margins and midrib toward apex on lower surface, otherwise smooth. Margins entire. Sheathing; basal sheaths brown. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences moderately dense, anthelate, consisting of terminal, congested, head-like clusters of 3 to numerous spikelets, +/- with 1–4 rays, each terminated by a headlike cluster of spikelets, the rays up to 5 cm long; involucral bracts 2–5, the lower ones much surpassing the inflorescence, the longest up to 30 cm long; spikelets pale brown, ellipsoid, ovoid–ellipsoid, or subcylindrical, terete (cylindrical), 1–2.5 cm long, 0.6–1 cm in diameter, apex subobtuse; glumes pale brown with pale margins, thin, membranous, narrowly ovate, 5–6.5 mm long, ca. 3 mm wide, tapering to an acute, bifid apex, pubescent externally, 1(3)– nerved, the midnerve prolonged ca. 2 mm beyond the apex. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Perianth bristles 2–6, up to ca. ½ as long as the achene, caducous. Corolla (petals) absent. Stamens 3. Ovary superior.

Fruit: Achenes brown; glossy; obovate; 3–4 mm long; 1.8–2.2 mm wide; lenticular; puncticulate; apex apiculate. Seeds 1; seed coat thin; free from pericarp; embryo basal; endosperm abundant.

Ploidy: 2n = 40; 76–77; 80; 86; 90; 96; 104; 106; 110; 114

Habitat: Primarily in coastal sites.

Elevation Range: 0–6 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Indigenous

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Indigenous
Kaua'i Indigenous
O'ahu Indigenous
Molokai Indigenous
Maui Indigenous
Hawai'i Indigenous

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 31: 148 (1980)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1384 (Ni, K, O, Mo, M); Staples et al. 2002:9 (H)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Koko Head One chief species on the edge of a pool of mud by a spring on the N.W. corner of saline mud flats near Koko Head. Preserved_Specimen Harris, J.A. Oahu BISH 1924-08-26
2 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Halalii Lake, S of edge of dry lake bed Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 22756 Niihau BISH 1947-08-12
3 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Pupuo? Pupao? Pupoo? Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 408 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
4 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Wailua Golf Course, Fourth hole water hazard Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 1249 Kauai BISH 1985-10-03
5 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Backwater between highway and beach near Kaunakakai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1896 Molokai BISH 1970-08-08
6 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Oahu Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 230 Oahu BISH 1864-01-01
7 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kapiolani Park, Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 1 Oahu BISH 1948-11-22
8 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kaelepulu Stream near Kailua, O'ahu Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Oahu BISH 1920-01-02
9 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kealia Salt Marsh Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. Maui BISH 1990-02-15
10 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Waialae Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1929-05-24
11 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Ewa Beach Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Oahu BISH 1956-06-26
12 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Waikiki, Honolulu, near the Moana Hotel Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. Oahu BISH 1930-10-27
13 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. Oahu BISH 1953-07-24
14 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Oahu BISH 1919-05-01
15 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Ponds southern end Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
16 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Between Lono Harbor and Kaunakakai Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Molokai BISH 1982-05-18
17 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus unknown Preserved_Specimen BISH
18 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kipapa Gulch, Waipahu, near beach Mud flat. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 759 Oahu BISH 1932-09-25
19 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kapiolani Park, Honolulu, sea level Brackish water, wet places. Preserved_Specimen Sedge, 2-8 ft. high Wilder, G.P. 60 Oahu BISH 1923-10-25
20 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kalaupapa; airport seasonal wetland Preserved_Specimen partially submerged; robust perennial sedge Wysong, M.L. 611 Molokai BISH 2005-02-08
21 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Heeia Bridge, sea level Margin of tidal marsh. Preserved_Specimen Egler, F.E. 37137 Oahu BISH 1937-07-04
22 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus In ditch alond Kihei Rd., at junction with Lipoa St In brackish water in ditch along road. Found with Cyperus, Spirodela. Preserved_Specimen Sedge to 4 ft. Ishikawa, S. 363 Maui BISH 1973-12-03
23 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge, Kahuku. In vicinity of bir-viewing gazebo Growing in standing water with Bacopa monnieri, Brachiaria mutica, Paspalum vaginatum, Echinochloa colona. Preserved_Specimen Small sedge. Imada, C. 9226 Oahu BISH 1992-04-05
24 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Ewa Beach Marina Collected from low, wet places in Batis swamp. Colonies are surrounded by Batis mats. No other vegetation in the near area. Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. 604 Oahu BISH 1990-05-01
25 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Waipio Peninsula; Waipio, Pouhala Marsh between Kapakahi & Waikele Streams On margin of open water & growing in assoc. w/Bacopa, Eleocharis, Cyperus laevigatus, Batis. Occasional. Preserved_Specimen Sedge 2 ft. tall. Imada, C. 965 Oahu BISH 1996-12-18
26 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Hamakua Marsh, Kailua, mauka (mountainside) of Hamakua Drive Growing in muck and in open water; common. Preserved_Specimen Small sedge. Imada, C. 9210 Oahu BISH 1992-04-04
27 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kanaha Bird Reserve, near Kahului Abundant along margins of Kanaha Bird Reserve, with S. validus. Preserved_Specimen Henrickson, J.S. 3734 Maui BISH 1969-06-26
28 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kahuku, by ditch 300 yds from ocean, leading from sugar mill to ocean On ditch bank, brackish water. Preserved_Specimen 12-36 inches high, flowers yellow. Pearsall, G.A. 470 Oahu BISH 1959-09-12
29 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus SE Molokai In Batis-covered depression back of ocean. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1896 Molokai BISH 1970-08-08
30 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kapaa, Kawaihau, sea level Rare on marshy flat. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1646 Kauai BISH 1936-10-29
31 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus He'eia Fishpond This sedge is volunteering along the mauka sections of wall recently restored/where mangrove was removed. Preserved_Specimen Kawelo, K. 583 Oahu BISH 2023-09-02
32 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Waikiki swamp Preserved_Specimen Hitchcock, A.S. 13808 Oahu BISH 1916-06-19
33 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus KAUAI Lihue District. Brackish pools near Nukolii Beach Park, East Kauai Coastal Wet Sedgeland Paspalum vaginatum, Heliotropium curassavicum, Portulaca oleracea, Bacopa monnieri, Batis maritima, Pluchea indica, Brachiaria mutica, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Thespesia populnea, Morinda citrifolia. Two patches, each of 20-30 stems, emerging from the center of a shallow brackish pool just inland (~50 ft.) from ocean. Preserved_Specimen Plants appear dead, all grayish-brown and crisp, roughly one meter tall with half above the water, the other half below. This was only occurrence observed in area. Williams, A.M. 748 Kauai BISH 2022-09-23
34 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Honolulu near Ala Moana Marshes. Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 1192 Oahu BISH 1939-12-02
35 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge, Oahu Growing on edge of pond and into water. Other species Typha domingensis, Bacopa monnieri, Leptochloa fescua [?]. Preserved_Specimen Very robust population. Crago, L.M. 2005065 Oahu BISH 2005-02-23
36 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus North Kona District, Makalawena, on west edge of Opaeula Pond Fairly common sedge along margin of pond, between stands of bulrush. Associated with Schoenoplectus californicus, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Cyperus laevigatus. Preserved_Specimen van Dyke, P. Hawaii BISH 2000-11-08
37 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kamalo Marshy areas near road. Associated with Batis and Pluchea indica. Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 1762 Molokai BISH 1978-08-09
38 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Central Maui, southern coast of isthmus, Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge. Along Mokulele Hwy access road to refuge main office Common sedge forming solid patches roadside fronting Batis herbland. Fertile. Preserved_Specimen Imada, C. 9817 Maui BISH 1998-10-06
39 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Salt Lake Water's edge. Preserved_Specimen Oahu BISH 1903-12-13
40 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Waialua Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8758 Oahu BISH
41 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. Oahu BISH 1953-07-24
42 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kihei Preserved_Specimen Maui BISH 1936-03-05
43 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Kailua Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10044 Oahu BISH 1929-11-11
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